Henry IV of England

Henry IV
16th-century painting of Henry IV
King of England (more...)
Reign	30 September 1399 – 20 March 1413 (&000000000000001300000013 years, &0000000000000202000000202 days)
Coronation	13 October 1399
Predecessor	Richard II
Successor	Henry V
Spouse	Mary de Bohun m. 1381; dec. 1394 Joan of Navarre m. 1403; wid. 1413
Issue
Henry V of England Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford Humphrey, 1st Duke of Gloucester Blanche, Electress Palatine Philippa, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
House	House of Lancaster
Father	John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Mother	Blanche of Lancaster
Born	3 April 1366(1366-04-03)[1][2] Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire
Died	20 March 1413[1][2] (aged 46) Westminster, London
Burial	Canterbury Cathedral, Kent
Signature

Henry IV (possibly 3 April 1366^[1][2] – 20 March 1413) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399–1413). He also asserted his grandfather's claim to the title King of France. He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, hence the other name by which he was known, Henry (of) Bolingbroke (pronounced /ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/). His father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of Edward III, and enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of Richard II. Henry's mother was Blanche, heiress to the considerable Lancaster estates.

Siblings

One of his elder sisters, Philippa, married John I of Portugal, and his younger sister Elizabeth was the mother of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter. His younger half-sister Catherine, the daughter of his father's second wife, Constance of Castile, was queen consort of Castile. He also had four half-siblings by Katherine Swynford, his sisters' governess, his father's longstanding mistress and eventual third wife. These four children were surnamed Beaufort after a castle their father held in Champagne, France^[3]

Henry's relationship with his stepmother, Katherine Swynford, was a positive one (she was governess to him and his sisters in youth). His relationship with the Beauforts varied considerably. In youth he seems to have been close to them all, but rivalries with Henry and Thomas Beaufort after 1406 proved problematic. His brother-in-law, Ralph Neville, remained one of his strongest supporters. So did his eldest half-brother, John Beaufort, even though Henry revoked Richard II's grant to John of a marquessate. Thomas Swynford, a son from Katherine's first marriage to Sir Hugh Swynford was another loyal companion and Constable of Pontefract Castle, where King Richard II is said to have died.

Eventually, a direct descendant of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford through the Beaufort line would take the throne as Henry VII.

Relationship with Richard II

The Coronation of Henry IV of England. From 15th century manuscript of Jean Froissart's Chronicles.

Henry experienced a rather more inconsistent relationship with King Richard II than his father had. First cousins and childhood playmates, they were admitted together to the Order of the Garter in 1377, but Henry participated in the Lords Appellant's rebellion against the King in 1387. After regaining power, Richard did not punish Henry (many of the other rebellious Barons were executed or exiled). In fact, Richard elevated Henry from Earl of Derby to Duke of Hereford.

Henry spent a full year of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius (capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) by Teutonic Knights with his 300 fellow knights. During this campaign Henry Bolingbroke also bought captured Lithuanian princes and then apparently took them back to England. Henry's second expedition to Lithuania in 1392 illustrates the financial benefits to the Order of these guest crusaders. His small army consisted of over 100 men, including longbow archers and six minstrels, at a total cost to the Lancastrian purse of £4,360. Much of this sum benefited the local economy through the purchase of silverware and the hiring of boats and equipment. Despite the efforts of Henry and his English crusaders, two years of attacks on Vilnius proved fruitless. In 1392/93 Henry undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem where he made offerings at the Holy Sepulchre and Mount of Olives.^[4] Later he was to vow to lead a crusade to free Jerusalem from the "infidel", but he died before this could be accomplished.^[5]

However, the relationship between Henry Bolingbroke and the King encountered a second crisis. In 1398, a remark by Bolingbroke regarding Richard II's rule was interpreted as treason by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. The two dukes agreed to undergo a duel of honor (called by Richard II) at Gosford Green near Coventry. Yet before the duel could take place, Richard II instead decided to banish Henry from the kingdom (with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt) to avoid further bloodshed. Mowbray himself was exiled for life.

John of Gaunt died in 1399. Without explanation, Richard cancelled the legal documents that would have allowed Henry to inherit Gaunt's land automatically. Instead, Henry would be required to ask for the lands from Richard. After some hesitation, Henry met with the exiled Thomas Arundel, former Archbishop of Canterbury, who had lost his position because of his involvement with the Lords Appellant. Henry and Arundel returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland. With Arundel as his advisor, Henry began a military campaign, confiscating land from those who opposed him and ordering his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire. Henry quickly gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV, to imprison King Richard, who died in prison under mysterious circumstances, and to bypass Richard's seven-year-old heir-presumptive, Edmund de Mortimer. Henry's coronation, on 13 October 1399, is notable for being the first time following the Norman Conquest that the monarch made an address in English.

Henry consulted with Parliament frequently, but was sometimes at odds with the members, especially over ecclesiastical matters. On Arundel's advice, Henry passed the De heretico comburendo and was thus the first English king to allow the burning of heretics, mainly to suppress the Lollard movement.

Reign

The previous ruler

Henry's first problem was what to do with the deposed Richard. After an early assassination plot (The Epiphany Rising) was foiled in January 1400, he ordered his death (very probably by starvation). The evidence for this lies in the circulation of letters in France demonstrating prior knowledge of the death.^[6] Richard died on 14 February 1400, after which his body was put on public display in the old St Paul's Cathedral to prove to his supporters that he was dead. He was 33 years old.

Rebellions

Henry spent much of his reign defending himself against plots, rebellions and assassination attempts.

English Royalty
House of Lancaster
Armorial of Plantagenet
Henry IV
Henry V
John, Duke of Bedford
Thomas, Duke of Clarence
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
Blanche, Princess Louis of Germany
Philippa, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden

Rebellions continued throughout the first ten years of Henry's reign, including the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr, who declared himself Prince of Wales in 1400, and the rebellion of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland. The king's success in putting down these rebellions was due partly to the military ability of his eldest son, Henry of Monmouth, who would later become king (though the son managed to seize much effective power from his father in 1410).

In the last year of Henry's reign, the rebellions picked up speed. "The old fable of a living Richard was revived", notes one account, "and emissaries from Scotland traversed the villages of England, in the last year of Henry's reign, declaring that Richard was residing at the Scottish Court, awaiting only a signal from his friends to repair to London and recover his throne."

A suitable-looking impostor was found and King Richard's old groom circulated word in the city that his master was alive in Scotland. "Southwark was incited to insurrection" by Sir Elias Lyvet (Levett) and his associate Thomas Clark, who promised Scottish aid to carry out the insurrection. Ultimately, the rebellion came to naught. The knight Lyvet was released; his follower thrown into the Tower.^[7]

Foreign relations

Early in his reign, Henry hosted the visit of Manuel II Palaiologos, the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England, from December 1400 to January 1401 at Eltham Palace, with a joust being given in his honour. He also sent monetary support with him upon his departure, to aid him against the Ottoman Empire.

In 1406, English pirates captured the future James I of Scotland off the coast of Flamborough Head as he was going to France.^[8] James remained a prisoner of Henry for the rest of Henry's reign.

Final illness and death

The later years of Henry's reign were marked by serious health problems. He had a disfiguring skin disease, and more seriously, suffered acute attacks of some grave illness in June 1405, April 1406, June 1408, during the winter of 1408–09, December 1412, and then finally a fatal bout in March 1413. Medical historians have long debated the nature of this affliction or afflictions. The skin disease might have been leprosy (which did not necessarily mean precisely the same thing in the 15th century as it does to modern medicine), perhaps psoriasis, or some other disease. The acute attacks have been given a wide range of explanations, from epilepsy to some form of cardiovascular disease.^[9] Some medieval writers felt that he was struck with leprosy as a punishment for his treatment of Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York, who was executed in June 1405 on Henry's orders after a failed coup.^[10]

According to Holinshed, it was predicted that Henry would die in Jerusalem; Shakespeare's play repeats this. Henry took this to mean that he would die on crusade. In reality, he died at the house of the Abbot of Westminster, in the Jerusalem chamber. His executor, Thomas Langley, was at his side.

Burial

Unusually for a King of England, he was buried not at Westminster Abbey but at Canterbury Cathedral, on the north side of what is now the Trinity Chapel, as near to the shrine of Thomas Becket as possible. (No other kings are buried in the Cathedral, although his uncle Edward, the Black Prince, is buried on the opposite, south side of the chapel, also as near the shrine as possible.) At the time, Becket's cult was at its height, as evidenced in the Canterbury Tales written by the court poet Geoffrey Chaucer, and Henry was particularly devoted to it. (He was anointed at his coronation with oil supposedly given to Becket by the Virgin Mary and that had then passed to Henry's father).^[11]

Henry was given an alabaster effigy, alabaster being a valuable English export in the 15th century. His body was well-embalmed, as an exhumation in 1832 established.^[12]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles

• Henry Bolingbroke

• Earl of Derby (by courtesy until his father's death)
• Earl of Northampton — restored 1384 to his father-in-law's Earldom
• Duke of Hereford - after the punishment of the Lords Appellant
• 2nd Duke of Lancaster - Upon his father's death
• King of England, Henry IV by deposition of his cousin Richard II

Arms

Before his father's death in 1399, Henry bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label of five points ermine. After his father's death, the differenced changed to a label of five points per pale ermine and France.^[13] Upon his accession as king, Henry updated the arms of the kingdom to match an update in those of royal France — from a field of fleur-de-lys to just three.

Seniority in line from Edward III

When Richard II resigned the throne in 1399, there was no question of who was highest in the order of succession. The country had rallied behind Henry and supported his claim in parliament. However, the question of the succession never went away. The problem lay in the fact that Henry was only the most prominent male heir, the most senior in terms of agnatic descent from Edward III. This made him heir to the throne according to Edward III's entail to the crown of 1376^[14] but, as Dr. Ian Mortimer has recently pointed out in his biography of Henry IV, this had probably been supplanted by an entail of Richard II made in 1399 (see Ian Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV, appendix two, pp. 366–9). Henry thus had to remove Richard II's settlement of the throne on their uncle York (Edmund of Langley) and Langley's Yorkist descendants and overcome the superior claim of the Mortimers in order to maintain his inheritance. This fact would later come back to haunt his grandson, Henry VI of England, who was deposed by Edward IV, son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, during the Wars of the Roses.

The following are the senior descendants of Edward III. The descendants that were alive at the death of Richard II are in bold.

• Edward III of England (1312–1377)

• Edward, the Black Prince (1330-1376)

• Edward (1365-1372)
• Richard II of England (1367-1400)

• Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (1338–1368)

• Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster (1355–1382)

• Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March (1374–1398)

• Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March (1391–1425)
• Roger Mortimer (died young c. 1411)
• Anne de Mortimer (1390–1411)
• Eleanor (d. 1418)

• Edmund Mortimer (1376-1409?)
• Lady Elizabeth de Mortimer (1370/1371-1417)
• Lady Philippa de Mortimer (1375-1401)

• John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340–1399)

• Henry IV of England (1367-1413)

• Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York

• Edward, Duke of Aumerle, later declined to Earl of Rutland

• Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester

Ancestry

Marriage and issue

The date and venue of Henry's first marriage, to Mary de Bohun, are uncertain but her marriage licence, purchased by Henry's guardian, John of Gaunt, in June 1380 is retained in the Public Record Office. The accepted date of the ceremony is 5 February 1381, at Mary's family home of Rochford Hall, Essex.^[15] However the near-contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart reports a "gossipy" tale that Gaunt's sister kidnapped Mary from Pleshey Castle, Essex, where her family was holding her cloistered as a novice nun in order to keep her fortune for themselves, and took her to her own castle at Arundel.^[16][17] There Mary was persuaded to marry Henry. They had six children:

• Henry V of England
• Thomas, Duke of Clarence
• John, Duke of Bedford
• Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
• Blanche of England (1392–1409) married in 1402 Louis III, Elector Palatine
• Philippa of England (1394–1430) married in 1406 Eric of Pomerania, king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

Mary died in 1394, and on 7 February 1403 Henry married Joanna of Navarre, the daughter of Charles d'Évreux, King of Navarre, at Winchester. She was the widow of John V of Brittany, with whom she had four daughters and four sons, but she and Henry had no children. The fact that in 1399 Henry had four sons from his first marriage was undoubtedly a clinching factor in his acceptability for the throne. By contrast, Richard II had no children, and Richard's heir-presumptive Edmund Mortimer was only seven years old. Henry's six children produced only one child that survived to adulthood, and the line of Henry IV expired in 1471 with the deaths of grandson Henry VI and his son Edward, Prince of Wales. Henry's son Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, is an ancestor of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, queen consort of George VI and thus their daughter Elizabeth II. Provided the monarchy remain within Elizabeth II's descendants, all future monarchs will also be descendants of Henry IV.

See also

• Cultural depictions of Henry IV of England

Notes

References

• Ian Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV: the Life of England's Self-Made King (Jonathan Cape, 2007)
• Peter McNiven, "The Problem of Henry IV's Health, 1405–1413", English Historical Review, 100 (1985), pp 747–772
• ANTIQUARY s9-IX (228): 369. (1902)
• Swanson, R. N. (1995). Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215-c. 1515. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37950-4. 

External links

• Henry IV of England at Genealogics

• Britannia: Henry IV

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